Physicians may extract these growth factors from blood in the form of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). These are hormones that tell the body to deliver blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the area, helping the stem cells thrive and the body repair itself. That’s why stem cell clinics may also introduce growth factors to the area. That’s not quite enough to ensure a successful procedure, however. Mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cells appear to include reducing inflammation, reducing scarring (fibrosis), and positively impacting immune system function. Although the mechanisms aren’t entirely clear, once inserted into a particular environment, mesenchymal stem cells exert positive therapeutics effects into the local tissue environment. This is where they will get to work rebuilding the damaged tissue. They i nsert a needle into the tissue of the knee and deliver the stem cells back into the area. Once they have great enough numbers, physicians use them to prepare stem cell injections. They then isolate the mesenchymal stem cells. In some cases, the physician may choose to put the patient under mild anesthesia. The patient usually doesn’t feel pain even after the procedure. With a local anesthetic to control discomfort, doctors can draw a sample of tissue from the chosen site of the body. These cells live in bone marrow, but increasing evidence shows they also exist in a range of other types of tissue. This means they can be found in places like fat and muscle. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the main types used by physicians in treating knee joint problems. This obviates the need for embryonic stem cells, and thereby the need for moral arguments of yore. These days, physicians have many rich sources of adult stem cells, which they can harvest right from the patient’s own body. Although it may sound like an intensive procedure, stem cell therapy is relatively straightforward and usually minimally invasive.
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